This document gives an overview on the topic of mobility and identity and its related aspects (law, technology, sociology). Furthermore, it is the foundation for the work of FIDIS Work Package 11: "Mobility and Identity", defining its context and the initial terminology and concepts for the ongoing work of this Work Package. This document is primarily aimed at an audience of academics, EU policy-makers, experts in the fields of law, sociology, and technology, and other interested citizens.

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Mobility and Location-Based Services play an ever-increasing role in everyday life. The spectrum of applications covers services for entertainment purposes as well as services that aim to increase the efficiency of business processes or help in case of emergency. In this deliverable, the impact of Location-Based Services on the identity of an individual is explained. Typical application areas and their impact on user identity are illustrated by exemplary use cases. From a technical perspective the deliverable focuses on various positioning methods as they constitute a prerequisite for the existence of LBS. Furthermore, legal aspects of Location-Based Services are discussed within an analysis of the regulations of the European data protection legal framework.

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The markets for mobile communications have been investigated intensively by scientists and market research institutions in the past years. Given the plethora of new services and the sensitivity of the data processed, mobile identity management (MIdM) is needed as an enabler technology to facilitate new services and to offer an effective tool for privacy and data protection.

Extending the previous discussions and findings in the context of FIDIS Work Package 11 on mobility and identity, this deliverable focuses on the economic aspects of mobility and identity. To this regard, topics such as user trust building and the relevant theories for adoption of technologies are explored. Furthermore the perspective on user centric markets and the economic implications from data protection legislation are discussed. Based on the previously discussed topics, initial ideas for an evaluation framework are presented.

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The workshop on Mobility and Identity was held on September 28th and 29th, 2005 in Frankfurt. This was the Kick-Off workshop for Workpackage 11: Mobility and Identity.

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This deliverable investigates legal certainty and privacy protection with regard to Location Based Services (LBS). The main question is: Which legal data- protection framework applies when providers of location-based services (LBS), public authorities and private parties like employers process location data generated in positioning systems? General descriptions provide a background to understanding the techniques used in LBS and the applicability of the relevant European legal framework. The practical implications of the European legal framework for the national level are described in four country reports: Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The main conclusion is that the applicability of legal provisions to varying forms of LBS and of processing location data is unclear. This is due to the very complex legal framework, which uses overlapping and not clear-cut definitions in three European Directives and in national implementations. The resulting legal uncertainty for European citizens and for providers of LBS and the enhanced privacy risks for citizens and employers should be overcome by a reassessment of the European legal framework.

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The deliverable in hand provides the results of an explorative survey on the
control model for identity related data in location-based services (LBS)
presented in FIDIS deliverable D11.2.
The survey was performed to explore the influence of LBS characteristics (pull
vs. push based, indirect vs. direct profile creation) on the perceived amount of
control participants have about the disclosure of their identity.
Four scenarios, each reflected a different aspect of the control model, have been
designed and tested.

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Web2.0 is a synonym for users’ evolvement from passive consumers to
providers of contents and information. In communities, a special type of
Web2.0 application, this user generated content to a large degree consists of
information on users’ identities. This is especially true for mobile communities
that, in addition to classical communities, consider users’ location.
Within this deliverable we define and distinguish different types of (mobile)
communities, describe their characteristics and their value approach. In addition
to that the deliverable focuses especially on the role of users’ identities and
their management within communities.

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Transport monitoring is a booming area, notably by following vehicles, often
for road pricing, but sometimes also for other purposes, such as speeding
enforcement, traffic jam prevention, animal-disease spreading controls, and
employee monitoring. When introducing traffic monitoring systems, just like
introducing any other new technology, the key question is whether this
technology achieves its goal and to what extent there are (negative) side effects.
This report gives an non-exhaustive overview of traffic monitoring systems
being used and/or developed in four European countries: Belgium, Germany,
Sweden, and The Netherlands.

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Next Generation Networks are confronted with many expectations, such as
integrating the Internet with its plethora of services with the reliability of the
originally telephone oriented telecommunications networks, including the
provisions for reliable mobile communications. On top of this comes the
integration of real-time media services such as radio and television is on the
agenda adding to the complexity of the endeavour. For these complex NGN
services and the underlying infrastructures reliable management of personal
data is fundamental.
This deliverable gives an insight to typical NGN services and their relation to
individuals, their data, and their identification. It shows, that compared to
previous identity dependant services and applications, in the NGN even more
and additional types of user information are collected and processed, and gives
examples of corresponding opportunities, such as better “Quality of
Experience”, and risks, such as a the vanishing of opportunities for anonymous
media consumption. Consequently identity management needs to be
multilaterally secure, while it gets even harder for users to manage their
increasingly complex profiles. This raises the need for identity management
strategies, methods and tools supporting users and for NGN service providers
supporting these user-centric strategies, methods and tools. Given the
complexity of the NGN sphere major standardisation challenges occur.

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Deliverable D11.12 on Mobile Marketing in the Perspective of Identity,
Privacy, and Transparency puts a multifaceted FIDIS view on the topic of
mobile marketing.
Thereby the deliverable stresses on the role and importance of collecting
information about users’ identity attributes and their behaviour, as well as on
the aggregation of identity information and external information such as geo
data.
Legal foundations of mobile marketing are described on a European and
national level. Methods on how to design parts of the mobile marketing process
in a more privacy respecting and transparent way are proposed and conflicting
interests within this process are addressed.
A summary and a list of topics to be researched in future concludes the
deliverable.

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The 3rd thematic workshop on mobility and identity took place on 26th March
2009 in conjunction with the FIDIS General Meeting 2009 at Goethe University
Frankfurt.
The workshop was focused on the finalisation of remaining FIDIS WP11
deliverables, especially on D11.6, D11.11, and D11.12.

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