This document gives an overview on the topic of mobility and identity and its related aspects (law, technology, sociology). Furthermore, it is the foundation for the work of FIDIS Work Package 11: "Mobility and Identity", defining its context and the initial terminology and concepts for the ongoing work of this Work Package. This document is primarily aimed at an audience of academics, EU policy-makers, experts in the fields of law, sociology, and technology, and other interested citizens.

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Mobility and Location-Based Services play an ever-increasing role in everyday life. The spectrum of applications covers services for entertainment purposes as well as services that aim to increase the efficiency of business processes or help in case of emergency. In this deliverable, the impact of Location-Based Services on the identity of an individual is explained. Typical application areas and their impact on user identity are illustrated by exemplary use cases. From a technical perspective the deliverable focuses on various positioning methods as they constitute a prerequisite for the existence of LBS. Furthermore, legal aspects of Location-Based Services are discussed within an analysis of the regulations of the European data protection legal framework.

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The markets for mobile communications have been investigated intensively by scientists and market research institutions in the past years. Given the plethora of new services and the sensitivity of the data processed, mobile identity management (MIdM) is needed as an enabler technology to facilitate new services and to offer an effective tool for privacy and data protection.

Extending the previous discussions and findings in the context of FIDIS Work Package 11 on mobility and identity, this deliverable focuses on the economic aspects of mobility and identity. To this regard, topics such as user trust building and the relevant theories for adoption of technologies are explored. Furthermore the perspective on user centric markets and the economic implications from data protection legislation are discussed. Based on the previously discussed topics, initial ideas for an evaluation framework are presented.

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The workshop on Mobility and Identity was held on September 28th and 29th, 2005 in Frankfurt. This was the Kick-Off workshop for Workpackage 11: Mobility and Identity.

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This deliverable investigates legal certainty and privacy protection with regard to Location Based Services (LBS). The main question is: Which legal data- protection framework applies when providers of location-based services (LBS), public authorities and private parties like employers process location data generated in positioning systems? General descriptions provide a background to understanding the techniques used in LBS and the applicability of the relevant European legal framework. The practical implications of the European legal framework for the national level are described in four country reports: Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The main conclusion is that the applicability of legal provisions to varying forms of LBS and of processing location data is unclear. This is due to the very complex legal framework, which uses overlapping and not clear-cut definitions in three European Directives and in national implementations. The resulting legal uncertainty for European citizens and for providers of LBS and the enhanced privacy risks for citizens and employers should be overcome by a reassessment of the European legal framework.

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